[1] Lassi Heininen and Chris Southcott, ‘Globalization and the Circumpolar North: An Introduction’, Lassi Heininen and Chris Southcott (eds.), Globalization and the Circumpolar North, (Fairbanks, Alaska: University of Alaska Press, 2010), p. 1.
[2] The rise of China as an influential power in the international system dominates both academic writing as well as the popular media discourse. For recent academic coverage on China’s Arctic intentions, see inter alia Linda Jakobson, ‘China prepares for an ice-free Arctic’, SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security No. 2010/2, Solna: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2010, pp. 1-15; Frédéric Lasserre, ‘China and the Arctic: Threat or Co-operation Potential for Canada’, China Papers No. 11, Toronto: Canadian International Council, June 2010, pp. 1-17; David Curtis Wright, ‘The Dragon eyes the Top of the World. Arctic policy debate and discussion in China’, China Maritime Study No. 8, Newport, Rhode Island: United States Naval War College, August 2011, pp. 1-43 and Caitlin Campbell, ‘China and the Arctic: objectives and obstacles’, US-China Eco- nomic and Security Review Commission Staff Research Report, 13th April 2010, pp. 1-11.
[3] ‘10 May 2012: China defines itself as a ‘near-arctic state’, says SIPRI’, Stockholm International Peace Re- search Institute, 10th May 2012.
[4] Wright, ‘The Dragon Eyes the Top of the World’, p. 7.
[5] For a recent overview on Arctic opinions by Chinese academics and mid-level officials, see Jakobson, ‘China prepares for an ice-free Arctic’. Yet the opinions by Chinese researchers and journalists do not necessarily reflect official perspective as a cacophony of voices urges Chinese decision makers to pursue a variety of foreign policies. See: Linda Jakobson and Dean Knox, ‘New Foreign Policy Actors in China’, Policy Paper 26, Solna: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, September 2010, pp. 1-51.
[6] Additionally China has a long history of Antarctic (research) engagement and is
considered a major player in the Antarctica. See: Anne-Marie Brady, ‘The Emerging Economies of Asia and Antarctica: Challenges and Opportunities’, Julia Jabour, Marcus Haward and Tony Press (eds.), Occasional Paper No. 2: Australia’s Antarc- tica: Proceedings of the Symposium to Mark 75 Years of the Australian Antarctic Territory, February 2012, pp. 103-114.
[7] Lasserre, ‘China and the Arctic’, p. 3.
[8] Twelfth Guideline (2011-2015) of the People’s Republic of China.
[9] Early in July 2012, the Xuelong departed Shanghai for China’s largest and farthest three-month Arctic ex- pedition, bringing it inter alia to the Bering Sea, the Beaufort Sea, Canada Basin and Mendeleev Ridge, host- ing scientists from France, Iceland, Denmark and Taiwan. The expedition will be concluded by a five-day re- search visit to Iceland. See: Mia Bennett, ‘Arctic exploration: Chinese icebreaker heads for Bering Strait’, Alaska Dispatch, 8th July 2012.
[10] Anne-Marie Brady, ‘Polar Stakes: China’s Polar Activities as Benchmark for Intentions’, China Brief, Vol. 12, No. 14, 20th July 2012, p. 12.
[11] Campbell, ‘China and the Arctic: objectives and obstacles’, p. 6.
[12] Shaofeng Chen, ‘China’s self-extrication from the Malacca dilemma and implications’, International Journal of China Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2010, p. 7.
[13] Ibid., p. 2.
[14] Julie Jiang and Jonathan Sinton, ‘Overseas investments by Chinese National Oil Companies. Assessing the drivers and impacts’, Information Paper, Paris: International Energy Agency, February 2011, p. 37.
[15] ‘Review of maritime transport 2011’, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, p. 13
[16] Ibid., Chapter 1.
[17] Terry Macalister, ‘Britain’s richest man to build giant Arctic iron ore mine’, The Guardian, 4th July 2011.
[18] Pu Jun and Wu Jing, ‘China shipping firms, Vale battle for port access’, Caixin Online, 1st July 2012.
[19] Joyce Lee and Randy Fabi, ‘Vale's huge iron ore ship back in service after maiden accident’, Thomson Reuters, 16th July 2012.
[20] Lasserre, ‘China and the Arctic’, p. 7.
[21] Andrew Ward and Leslie Hook, ‘Iceland's president welcomes Chinese interest’, The Financial Times, 2nd September 2011.
[22] Greenland, a self-ruled territory within the Kingdom of Denmark, is (potentially) rich in natural resources (e.g., iron ore, rare earth elements, deposits of oil, gas, copper, gold, and so on).
[23] Mia Bennett, ‘China wins Swedish support for Arctic Council permanent observer status’, Foreign Policy, 19th April 2012.
[24] ‘Iceland supports China in Council efforts’, Arctic Portal, 14th June 2012.
[25] Damien Degeorges, ‘China in Greenland: A challenge for the European Union’, EurActiv, 15th June 2012 and Ray Weaver, ‘China holds key to Greenland treasure chest’, The Copenhagen Post, 13th June 2012.
[26] ‘Greenland open to China’s growing Arctic interest’, Nunatsiaq Online, 7th November 2011.
[27] Danlu Tang, ‘Greenland sees big potential in China’s Arctic presence: PM’, Xinhua News, 5th November 2011.
[28] Although permanent observers do not have the right to take part in the Arctic Council’s decision-making process, they are allowed to participate in its meetings, and are invited to contribute to the work of the Arc- tic Council’s Working Groups.